Prolactin beyond Lactation: Emerging Roles in Reproductive System Function, Infertility, and Hormonal Dysregulation

Kato Sseguya I.

Faculty of Medicine Kampala International University Uganda

ABSTRACT

Traditionally recognized for its role in lactogenesis, prolactin has emerged as a multifunctional hormone intricately involved in the regulation of reproductive physiology. This review explores the broader physiological roles of prolactin in the reproductive system, emphasizing its impact on ovarian and testicular function, gonadotropin release, and neuroendocrine modulation. Elevated or deficient prolactin levels collectively termed prolactin dysregulation have been increasingly implicated in infertility, luteal phase defects, and menstrual irregularities. In males, prolactin modulates Leydig cell function and libido, and its hypersecretion has been associated with hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction. Furthermore, prolactin interacts with other endocrine axes, including thyroid and adrenal systems, highlighting its pleiotropic influence. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms of prolactin signaling through the prolactin receptor (PRLR) and associated pathways, such as JAK-STAT, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK. A comprehensive understanding of prolactin’s extramammary roles offers novel insights into diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for reproductive disorders linked to hormonal imbalance.

Keywords: Prolactin, Infertility, Hypogonadism, Hormonal dysregulation, Prolactin receptor

CITE AS: Kato Sseguya I.. (2025). Prolactin beyond Lactation: Emerging Roles in Reproductive System Function, Infertility, and Hormonal Dysregulation. RESEARCH INVENTION JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 4(3):77-82. https://doi.org/10.59298/RIJRMS/2025/437782