Nano Biosensors for Continuous Monitoring of Metabolic Biomarkers in Obese Diabetic Individuals

Omeye Francis I.

Faculty of Medicine Kampala International University Uganda

ABSTRACT

Obesity-associated type 2 diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and low-grade inflammation, all of which fluctuate markedly in response to meals, physical activity, stress and medication use. Conventional monitoring based on fasting glucose, HbA1c and occasional finger-stick tests provides only sparse snapshots of this dynamic state and is particularly inadequate in individuals with obesity, who often exhibit greater glycemic variability, complex polypharmacy and multiple comorbidities. Nano-biosensors, which integrate biorecognition elements with nanostructured transducers, offer a route to minimally invasive, continuous and potentially multiplex monitoring of key metabolic biomarkers in real time. By exploiting the high surface area, excellent electrical and optical properties and tunable surface chemistry of nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles and nanozymes, these systems can reach physiologically relevant detection limits in tiny volumes of interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva or tears. When embedded in skin-interfaced patches, microneedle arrays, textiles or wearable devices, nano-biosensors can track glucose and complementary markers such as lactate, ketones and stress indicators continuously, with the potential to inform precision treatment, improve adherence and enable earlier detection of metabolic decompensation. This review discusses the rationale for continuous metabolic monitoring in obese diabetic individuals, the relevant biomarker landscape, key design principles of nano-biosensors, emerging fluid-specific and wearable platforms, current evidence and translational challenges, and future directions including multiplex devices and AI-assisted analytics.

Keywords: Nano-biosensors; metabolic biomarkers; continuous monitoring; obesity-associated diabetes; wearable sensors

CITE AS: Omeye Francis I. (2026). Nano Biosensors for Continuous Monitoring of Metabolic Biomarkers in Obese Diabetic Individuals. RESEARCH INVENTION JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 5(1):97-103. https://doi.org/10.59298/RIJRMS/2026/5197103