Acetylcholinesterase in Neuromodulation: Dual Roles in Synaptic Plasticity and Neurotoxicity

Kirabo  Nansubuga K.

Faculty of Science and Technology Kampala International University Uganda

ABSTRACT

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), traditionally known for its role in hydrolyzing acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses, has emerged as a multifunctional enzyme with critical neuromodulatory functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Beyond terminating cholinergic transmission, AChE plays paradoxical roles in regulating synaptic plasticity, neurite outgrowth, and neurodegeneration. This review explores the dualistic functions of AChE, analyzing its physiological contributions to neuronal health and learning, as well as its pathological involvement in neurotoxic cascades, including oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and apoptotic signaling. We discuss how dysregulation of AChE expression and activity contributes to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Furthermore, we examine therapeutic strategies targeting AChE and highlight recent advances in modulating its activity for neuroprotection and synaptic repair. A clearer understanding of AChE’s dual roles could unlock novel strategies for balancing neuromodulation and mitigating neurotoxicity in neurological disorders.

Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase, Neuromodulation, Synaptic Plasticity, Neurotoxicity, Neurodegeneration

CITE AS: Kirabo Nansubuga K. (2025). Acetylcholinesterase in Neuromodulation: Dual Roles in Synaptic Plasticity and Neurotoxicity. RESEARCH INVENTION JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 4(3):103-108. https://doi.org/10.59298/RIJRMS/2025/43103108